Plectranthus Species with Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Potential: A Systematic Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Findings.

The use of medicinal plants to treat inflammatory conditions and painful processes has attracted the attention of scientists and health professionals due to the evidence that natural products can promote significant therapeutic benefits associated with fewer adverse effects compared to conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. The genus Plectranthus is composed of various plants with pharmacological potential, which are used to treat various diseases in traditional communities worldwide. The present study systematically reviewed Plectranthus species with anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential. To this end, a systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The search was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciVerse Scopus, and Web of Science. Different combinations of search terms were used to ensure more excellent article coverage. After the selection, a total of 45 articles were included in this review. This study identified twelve Plectranthus species indicated for the treatment of different inflammatory conditions, such as wounds, fever, bronchitis, abscess, asthma, hepatitis, labyrinthitis, tonsillitis, and uterine inflammation. The indications for pain conditions included headache, sore throat, heartburn, menstrual cramp, colic, toothache, stomachache, migraine, chest pain, abdominal pain, local pain, labor pain, and recurring pain. Among the listed species, ten plants were found to be used according to traditional knowledge, although only four of them have been experimentally studied. When assessing the methodological quality of preclinical in vivo assays, most items presented a risk of bias. The SR results revealed the existence of different Plectranthus species used to treat inflammation and pain. The results of this systematic review indicate that Plectranthus species have the potential to be used in the treatment of diseases with an inflammatory component, as well as in the management of pain. However, given the risk of biases, the experimental analysis of these species through preclinical testing is crucial for their safe and effective use.

Effect of hydroxyamines derived from lapachol and norlachol against Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying the NorA efflux pump.

Isolated substances and those organically synthesized have stood out over the years for their therapeutic properties, including their antibacterial activity. These compounds may be an alternative to the production of new antibiotics or may have the ability to potentiate the action of preexisting ones. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and efflux pump inhibitory activity of hydroxyamines derived from lapachol and norlachol, more specifically the compounds 2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino)-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4 dihydro-1,4-naphthalenedione, 2-(2-Hydroxyethylamino)-3-(2-methyl-propenyl)[1,4]naphthoquinone and 2-(3-Hydroxypropylamino)-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-[1,4]naphthoquinone, against Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying the NorA efflux pump mechanism. The substances were synthesized from 2-hydroxy-quinones, lapachol and nor-lapachol, obtaining the corresponding 2-methoxylated derivatives via dimethyl sulfate alkylation in a basic medium, which then reacted chemoselectively with 2-ethanolamine and 3-propanolamine to form the corresponding amino alcohols. All three molecules underwent a virtual structure-based analysis (docking). The antibacterial activity of the substances was measured by determining their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and a microdilution assay was performed to verify efflux pump inhibition using the substances at a sub-inhibitory concentration. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test. The substances obtained MIC values ≥1024 µg/mL, however, a significant reduction of their MICs was observed when the substances were associated with norfloxacin and ethidium bromide, with this effect being attributed to efflux pump inhibition. Following a virtual analysis based on its structure (docking), information regarding the affinity of new ligands for the ABC efflux pump were observed, thus contributing to the understanding of their mechanism of molecular interactions and the discovery of functional ligands associated with a reduction in bacterial resistance.

Chemical composition, antibacterial and modulatory action of the essential oil of Croton rhamnifolioides leaves Pax and Hoffman / Composição química, ação antibacteriana e moduladora do óleo essencial das folhas de Croton rhamnifolioides Pax and Hoffman

The species Croton rhamnifolioides is a shrub popularly known as "quebra faca", utilized in teas or infusions for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders as ulcers, gastric discomfort, vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea. This work has as its main objective to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil of the Croton rhamnifolioides leaves (EOC), antibacterial activity and modulatory activity of antibiotic resistance, against bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The chemical composition was determined through chromatography with a gas phase coupled with mass spectrometry (CG/MS), whereas antimicrobial activity and modulation were determined by microdilution assay. The chemical composition of the oil revealed 21 compounds, with the major compounds being spathulenol (22.46%) and 1,8-cineol (18.32%). The antimicrobial activity was not significant with MIC>1024 µg/mL, however, was observed a synergistic interference when essential oil associated with the antibiotics aminoglycoside and -lactam, and the antifungal polyene.

Croton rhamnifolioides is é um arbusto conhecido popularmente como "quebra-faca" e utilizado como chá ou infusão para o tratamento de problemas gastro-intestinais como úlceras, desconforto gástrico, vômitos e diarréias hemorrágicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de Croton rhamnifolioides (OEC), atividade antibacteriana, moduladora da resistência bacteriana, contra linhagens bacterianas de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa e, atividade antifúngica contra Candida albicans, C. krusei e C. tropicalis. A composição química foi determinada através de Espectroscopia de Massas acoplada a Cromatografia Gasosa (EM/CG), enquanto as atividades antimicrobianas e moduladoras foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição. A composição química do OEC revelou a presença de 21 compostos, sendo os principais o Espatulenol (22,46%) e 1,8-cineol (18,32%). A atividade antimicrobiana não foi considerada significativa apresentando MIC > 1024 µg/mL, contudo, foi observado um sinergismo quando o óleo essencial foi associado com aminoglicosídios, -lactâmicos e antifúngicos poliênicos.

Efeito antibacteriano e anti-inflamatório tópico do extrato metanólico de Chenopodium ambrosioides L / Antibacterial and topical anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides L

A utilização de plantas medicinais é uma prática comum nos países, fazendo parte da cultura popular como forma de tratamento de diferentes patologias. A planta Chenopodium ambrosioides L., conhecida popularmente como mastruz, é utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento de bronquite crônica, tuberculose, contusões, hérnias e fraturas, tendo algumas atividades comprovadas cientificamente como ação vermífuga e antimicrobiana. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil químico e investigar a atividade antibacteriana, moduladora de antibióticos e anti-inflamatória tópica do extrato metanólico obtido das folhas de Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Na prospecção fitoquímica do extrato, foram verificados diferentes metabólitos que possuem várias atividades biológicas, e na dosagem dos fenóis totais foram verificados 21,0 mg/g equivalente de ácido gálico, sendo a quantificação de flavonoides encontrado um total de 135,4 mg/g de quercetina. Não houve atividade antibacteriana, porém detectou-se modulação quando o extrato foi associado aos aminoglicosídeos contra cepas de E. coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Nos testes para inflamação aguda, o extrato apresentou um potencial antiedematogênico nas concentrações de 25 e 50 mg. Diante dos resultados, pode-se correlacionar o conhecimento empírico das pessoas, às propriedades biológicas observadas nessa pesquisa, esta podendo ser importante para futura validação dessas propriedades etnomedicinais.(AU)

The use of medicinal plants is a common practice in countries as part of popular culture as a treatment of different pathologies. The Chenopodium ambrosioides L. plant, popularly known as Mastruz, is used in folk medicine to treat chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, bruises, fractures and hernias, and some activities scientifically proven as anthelmintic and antimicrobial action. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile and investigate the antibacterial activity, modulator of antibiotics and topical anti-inflammatory of methanol extract obtained from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. leaves. In the phytochemical extract prospecting, they were checked different metabolites that have multiple biological activity, and the dosage of total phenols were checked 21.0 mg / g gallic acid equivalent, and the quantification of flavonoids found a total of 135.4 mg / g quercetin. There was no antibacterial activity, but modulation was detected when the extract was associated with aminoglycosides against strains of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In tests for acute inflammation, the extract showed an antiedematogenic potential at concentrations of 25 and 50 mg. Given the results, we can correlate the empirical knowledge of people; the biological properties observed in this study, this may be important for future validation of these ethnomedicinal properties.(AU)

Promising medicinal plants for bioprospection in a Cerrado area of Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional medical systems represent an important source of knowledge about the use of biodiversity. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies can encourage bioprospecting in the pursuit and selection of promising medicinal plants. This study investigated the diversity of medicinal plants in a disjunct area of cerrado in Chapada do Araripe, Ceará, Brazil, and assessed the species of interest for bioprospecting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted through free listing, and the informants were recruited using the "snowball" technique. The relative importance and informant consensus factor were analyzed for the selection of plant species with therapeutic potential. RESULTS: A total of 68 species were recorded and cited for 91 therapeutic purposes. Of these, 10 species showed great versatility of use, including Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Caryocar coriaceum Wittn., Himatanthus drasticus (Mart.) Plumel, Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart., and Dimorphandra garderiana Tull. The therapeutic citations were grouped into 16 categories of body systems, of which Injuries, Poisonings and Other Consequences of External Causes, and Neoplasias showed the highest agreement of use. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding the diversity of the species, some including Tocoyena Formosa (Cham. & Schlecht.) Schum., Himatanthus drasticus, Caryocar coriaceum, Roupala montana Aubl. and Stryphnodendron rotundifolium showed both high relative importance and strong consensus among informants, and although many have already been investigated scientifically, others are almost unknown with respect to their medicinal properties and can be targets for bioprospecting.

Percepção dos enfermeiros da estratégia saúde da família sobre o uso da fitoterapia / Perception of the nurses from health family strategy about the use of phytotherapy / Percepción de los enfermeros de la estrategia salud de la familia sobre el uso de la fitoterapia

A utilização de plantas medicinais é bastante difundida em todo o mundo inclusive no Brasil, onde há grande variedade de espécies e extensa tradiçãoem sua utilização. Objetivou-se, com esta pesquisa, conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre o uso da fitoterapia na Estratégia Saúde da Família.Trata-se de estudo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em Crato-CE, com 15 enfermeiros. Empregou-se o método deanálise temático-categorial. Foram construídas seis categorias e duas subcategorias, nas quais foram descritos o conhecimento dos profissionais sobrea fitoterapia, a visão deles sobre o uso na atenção básica, a utilização dessa prática e as estratégias desenvolvidas para seu uso. Os resultados revelaramque o conhecimento dos entrevistados é, na maioria das vezes, restrito e informal e que eles encontram dificuldades para a implantação de práticasfitoterápicas, como a não valorização por parte da gestão e do restante da equipe de saúde. Ressalte-se assim, a importância do desenvolvimento deestratégias que viabilizem a inserção segura e eficiente da fitoterapia na assistência e, consequentemente, a valorização da cultura local.

The use of medicinal plants is widespread around the world including Brazil, where there are several species and a large tradition in their use. It wasaimed to know the perception of the nurses about the use of phytotherapy in Health Family Strategy (HFS). Exploratory descriptive study, qualitativeapproach, developed in Crato-CE with fifteen nurses from HFS. It was employed the Theme-Category Analysis. It were constructed six categories and twosubcategories which were described the knowledge of professionals about phytotherapy, their views about use in primary care, the use of this practice andthe strategies developed for this use. The results revealed that the knowledge of the interviewees mostly is narrow and informal, and they find difficultiesto implement phytotherapic practices such as no valuation by the management and the rest of the health group. It should be emphasized as well theimportance of developing strategies that enable the safe and efficient integration of phytotherapy in care and thus the appreciation of local culture.

El empleo de plantas medicinales está bastante difundida en todo el mundo, inclusive en Brasil, donde hay gran variedad de especies y largatradición de uso. Con esta investigación se buscó conocer la percepción de los enfermeros sobre el uso de la fitoterapia en la Estrategia Salud de laFamilia (ESF). Se trata de un estudio exploratorio descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo desarrollado en Crato-CE con quince enfermeros de la ESF. Seempleó el método de análisis temático-categorial. Se construyeron seis categorías y dos subcategorías en las cuales se describieron el conocimientode los profesionales sobre fitoterapia, su visión del empleo de dicha práctica en la atención primaria, el ejercicio de esta práctica y las estrategiasdesarrolladas para tal ejercicio. Los resultados revelaron que el conocimento de los entrevistados era, en su mayoría, limitado e informal y queencuentran ciertas dificultades para establecer prácticas fitoterápicas, tales como falta de valoración por parte de la gestión y del resto del person...